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NEET 2027  ·  Full Syllabus Practice  ·  Aamirah Fathima

Answer Key & Solutions — Set 5

Quick-reference grid first, then a one-line reason for every question with its topic tag. Score the paper, then re-work every wrong answer before moving on.

Questions
180
Max marks
720
Correct
+4
Wrong
−1
Set
5

Quick key

All 180 answers
001 C
002 C
003 B
004 B
005 B
006 B
007 C
008 B
009 B
010 C
011 B
012 B
013 B
014 A
015 B
016 B
017 B
018 B
019 B
020 C
021 B
022 C
023 B
024 C
025 B
026 B
027 B
028 B
029 B
030 B
031 B
032 B
033 B
034 B
035 B
036 C
037 B
038 C
039 B
040 C
041 B
042 B
043 C
044 C
045 B
046 B
047 B
048 B
049 B
050 B
051 B
052 B
053 C
054 B
055 A
056 B
057 B
058 B
059 A
060 B
061 C
062 B
063 B
064 B
065 B
066 B
067 C
068 B
069 B
070 B
071 B
072 B
073 B
074 B
075 B
076 B
077 C
078 B
079 B
080 B
081 B
082 B
083 B
084 B
085 B
086 B
087 B
088 B
089 B
090 A
091 B
092 B
093 B
094 C
095 B
096 B
097 B
098 B
099 B
100 A
101 B
102 B
103 B
104 B
105 B
106 B
107 B
108 B
109 C
110 B
111 B
112 B
113 C
114 B
115 B
116 B
117 B
118 B
119 A
120 B
121 B
122 B
123 B
124 B
125 B
126 B
127 B
128 B
129 B
130 B
131 B
132 B
133 B
134 B
135 B
136 B
137 C
138 C
139 D
140 B
141 A
142 B
143 B
144 B
145 B
146 B
147 B
148 B
149 B
150 A
151 C
152 B
153 B
154 C
155 B
156 B
157 B
158 A
159 B
160 B
161 B
162 B
163 B
164 B
165 B
166 B
167 B
168 B
169 B
170 B
171 A
172 B
173 B
174 B
175 B
176 B
177 B
178 B
179 B
180 B

Physics

Section A  ·  worked reasoning
Q001   (C)   Candela
Candela is one of the seven base units of the SI system.
Units & Dimensions

Q002   (C)   0.01 mm
Least count = pitch/number of circular scale divisions = 1/100 mm.
Errors & Significant Figures

Q003   (B)   2 m s⁻²
v² = u² − 2as ⇒ 0 = 400 − 2a(100) ⇒ a = 2 m s⁻².
Kinematics

Q004   (B)   Zero velocity and acceleration g downwards
Gravity continues to act throughout the flight even where the velocity vanishes.
Kinematics

Q005   (B)   Act on two different bodies and never cancel
They form a pair on two different bodies, so they never balance each other.
Laws of Motion

Q006   (B)   Linear momentum
Ejecting exhaust gases backwards drives the rocket forwards.
Laws of Motion

Q007   (C)   300 W
P = mgh/t = 60 × 10 × 5/10 = 300 W.
Work, Energy & Power

Q008   (B)   0.5
e = √(h_rebound/h_drop) = √(1/4) = 0.5.
Work, Energy & Power

Q009   (B)   2 kg m² s⁻¹
L = Iω = 0.5 × 4 = 2 kg m² s⁻¹.
Rotational Motion

Q010   (C)   ½Iω²
It is the rotational analogue of ½mv².
Rotational Motion

Q011   (B)   v_e = √2 v_o
v_o = √(gR) while v_e = √(2gR).
Gravitation

Q012   (B)   Zero everywhere inside
The contributions from all parts of the shell cancel at every interior point.
Gravitation

Q013   (B)   Proportional limit
Stress is proportional to strain only in the initial linear region of the curve.
Elasticity

Q014   (A)   6πηrv
This is Stokes' law, valid for slow motion of a small sphere.
Fluids

Q015   (B)   8πr²T
A bubble has two surfaces, so W = 2 × 4πr²T.
Fluids

Q016   (B)   The temperature difference between the body and its surroundings
The law holds for small temperature differences.
Thermal Properties

Q017   (B)   40%
η = 1 − Q₂/Q₁ = 1 − 0.6 = 0.4 or 40%.
Thermodynamics

Q018   (B)   TV^(γ−1) = constant
It follows from PV^γ = constant combined with the ideal gas equation.
Thermodynamics

Q019   (B)   Inversely proportional to volume
This is Boyle's law, PV = constant.
Kinetic Theory

Q020   (C)   π
a = −ω²x, so acceleration is always opposite in direction to displacement.
Oscillations

Q021   (B)   k₁k₂/(k₁ + k₂)
Extensions add in series, so the reciprocals of the force constants add.
Oscillations

Q022   (C)   7 cm
For a phase difference of zero the amplitudes add directly.
Waves

Q023   (B)   Logarithmic in intensity
β = 10 log(I/I₀), so each 10 dB step represents a tenfold change in intensity.
Waves

Q024   (C)   90°
τ = pE sinθ is greatest when the dipole is perpendicular to the field.
Electrostatics

Q025   (B)   The net electric flux through the surface is zero
Gauss's law fixes the net flux, not the field at individual points.
Electrostatics

Q026   (B)   1 × 10⁻³ C
Q = CV = 5 × 10⁻⁶ × 200 = 10⁻³ C.
Capacitors

Q027   (B)   A junction diode
The current–voltage graph of a diode is not a straight line.
Current Electricity

Q028   (B)   Infinite resistance and be connected in parallel
A high resistance in parallel draws negligible current from the circuit.
Current Electricity

Q029   (B)   A low resistance in parallel
The shunt carries most of the current, protecting the galvanometer coil.
Current Electricity

Q030   (B)   0.1 N
F = BIL sinθ = 0.1 × 2 × 0.5 × 1 = 0.1 N.
Moving Charges & Magnetism

Q031   (B)   Uniform and equal to μ₀nI
The field is uniform along the axis in the interior, well away from the ends.
Moving Charges & Magnetism

Q032   (B)   M/2
Pole strength is unchanged but the length halves, so the moment halves.
Magnetism & Matter

Q033   (B)   Fleming's right hand rule
The left hand rule instead gives the direction of force on a current-carrying conductor.
Electromagnetic Induction

Q034   (B)   Using a laminated core
Thin insulated laminations break up the paths available to eddy currents.
Electromagnetic Induction

Q035   (B)   R/Z
cos φ = R/Z, which is unity for a purely resistive circuit.
Alternating Current

Q036   (C)   311 V
V₀ = √2 × V_rms = 1.414 × 220 ≈ 311 V.
Alternating Current

Q037   (B)   1/√(μ₀ε₀)
c = 1/√(μ₀ε₀) = 3 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹.
Electromagnetic Waves

Q038   (C)   30 cm
1/v + 1/u = 1/f with the mirror formula gives a real image 30 cm from the mirror.
Ray Optics

Q039   (B)   The refractive index of the prism differs for different wavelengths
Violet is deviated most because the material has the largest refractive index for it.
Ray Optics

Q040   (C)   I₀/8
The first polaroid gives I₀/2, then Malus' law gives (I₀/2)cos²60° = I₀/8.
Wave Optics

Q041   (B)   Decreases as the slit is made wider
The angular width 2λ/a shrinks when a increases.
Wave Optics

Q042   (B)   Its mass is very large, making the wavelength immeasurably small
λ = h/mv is of the order of 10⁻³⁴ m for macroscopic objects.
Dual Nature of Matter

Q043   (C)   200 MeV
The mass defect corresponds to roughly 200 MeV per fission event.
Nuclei

Q044   (C)   13.6 eV
The electron must be raised from −13.6 eV to zero energy at n = ∞.
Atoms

Q045   (B)   AND
The AND gate performs logical multiplication, Y = A·B.
Semiconductors

Chemistry

Section B  ·  worked reasoning
Q046   (B)   1.204 × 10²⁴
One mole contains 6.022 × 10²³ molecules, each with two atoms.
Some Basic Concepts

Q047   (B)   0.2
x = 2/(2 + 8) = 0.2.
Some Basic Concepts

Q048   (B)   E = hc/λ
Since ν = c/λ, E = hν = hc/λ, so shorter wavelength means more energetic photons.
Structure of Atom

Q049   (B)   No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers
This limits any orbital to a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.
Structure of Atom

Q050   (B)   Increases
Increasing atomic size makes the loss of electrons easier down a group.
Classification & Periodicity

Q051   (B)   An alkali metal
A single electron in the outermost s orbital is the mark of group 1.
Classification & Periodicity

Q052   (B)   sp³d², octahedral
Six bond pairs and no lone pair around sulphur give a regular octahedron.
Chemical Bonding

Q053   (C)   H–F
Ionic character increases with the electronegativity difference, greatest for H–F.
Chemical Bonding

Q054   (B)   It is formed by head-on axial overlap giving greater overlap
Lateral overlap in a pi bond is less effective than axial overlap.
Chemical Bonding

Q055   (A)   1
With 18 electrons, BO = (10 − 8)/2 = 1, and the ion is diamagnetic.
Chemical Bonding

Q056   (B)   −PΔV
Work done by the system on the surroundings is negative by convention.
Thermodynamics

Q057   (B)   Zero
There is only one way of arranging a perfect crystal at 0 K, so S = 0.
Thermodynamics

Q058   (B)   Shifts the equilibrium in the backward direction
The system opposes the added heat by favouring the endothermic backward reaction.
Equilibrium

Q059   (A)   2.0
A lower pKa corresponds to a larger Ka and therefore a stronger acid.
Equilibrium

Q060   (B)   CH₃COOH and CH₃COONa
A weak acid together with its salt of a strong base resists change in pH.
Equilibrium

Q061   (C)   +6
2(+1) + x + 4(−2) = 0 ⇒ x = +6.
Redox Reactions

Q062   (B)   Decreases rapidly with distance and is negligible beyond three carbons
It is a permanent but weak effect transmitted through sigma bonds.
Organic Chemistry – Basic Principles

Q063   (B)   Nitrogen, sulphur and halogens
Fusion with sodium converts these elements into ionisable inorganic compounds.
Organic Chemistry – Basic Principles

Q064   (B)   Distance moved by substance/distance moved by solvent
Rf values are characteristic of a compound under fixed conditions.
Organic Chemistry – Basic Principles

Q065   (B)   Lower torsional strain
Repulsion between C–H bonding electron pairs is minimised in the staggered form.
Hydrocarbons

Q066   (B)   Rotation about the carbon–carbon double bond is restricted
Each doubly bonded carbon carries two different groups.
Hydrocarbons

Q067   (C)   Meta position
Deactivating groups such as –NO₂ are meta directing in electrophilic substitution.
Hydrocarbons

Q068   (B)   ΔH_mix = 0 and ΔV_mix = 0
Solute–solvent interactions are identical to solute–solute and solvent–solvent ones.
Solutions

Q069   (B)   Osmotic pressure at the same temperature
Blood cells stay intact in a solution isotonic with the cell fluid.
Solutions

Q070   (B)   0.00 V
It is assigned zero by convention and used as the reference electrode.
Electrochemistry

Q071   (B)   Has a more negative reduction potential and is oxidised in preference to iron
The zinc coating acts as a sacrificial anode.
Electrochemistry

Q072   (B)   Pseudo first order kinetics
The concentration of water is effectively constant, so the rate depends only on the ester.
Chemical Kinetics

Q073   (B)   Sufficient energy and proper orientation of the colliding molecules
Molecules must collide with energy at least equal to the threshold energy and be correctly aligned.
Chemical Kinetics

Q074   (B)   The energies of the ns and (n − 1)d orbitals are comparable
Electrons from both sub-shells can participate in bond formation.
d- and f-Block Elements

Q075   (B)   Yellow, forming the chromate ion
Cr₂O₇²⁻ + 2OH⁻ ⇌ 2CrO₄²⁻ + H₂O; the change is reversed on acidification.
d- and f-Block Elements

Q076   (B)   A larger number of oxidation states
The 5f, 6d and 7s levels are of comparable energy, allowing many oxidation states.
d- and f-Block Elements

Q077   (C)   4
One complex cation and three chloride ions are produced.
Coordination Compounds

Q078   (B)   [Co(en)₃]³⁺
The tris-chelate octahedral complex exists as non-superimposable mirror images.
Coordination Compounds

Q079   (B)   Tetracarbonylnickel(0)
Carbon monoxide is a neutral ligand, so nickel is in the zero oxidation state.
Coordination Compounds

Q080   (B)   Reacts readily with water to give an alkane
Even traces of moisture destroy the reagent, giving the corresponding hydrocarbon.
Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

Q081   (B)   An antiseptic
Its antiseptic action is due to the liberation of free iodine.
Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

Q082   (B)   Neutral ferric chloride solution
Phenol gives a violet colouration with neutral FeCl₃ while ethanol does not react.
Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers

Q083   (B)   Iodomethane and ethanol
The iodide attacks the less hindered methyl group by SN2.
Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers

Q084   (B)   Chromyl chloride
CrO₂Cl₂ oxidises the methyl group only as far as the aldehyde stage.
Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids

Q085   (B)   Ethanoic acid > phenol > ethanol
The carboxylate ion is stabilised by two equivalent resonance structures.
Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids

Q086   (B)   An aldehyde
Hydrogen with palladium on barium sulphate, partially poisoned, stops at the aldehyde.
Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids

Q087   (B)   One carbon atom less
The carbonyl carbon is lost as carbonate during the rearrangement.
Amines

Q088   (B)   Aniline
Sn/HCl reduces the nitro group completely to the primary aromatic amine.
Amines

Q089   (B)   Ribozymes
Nucleic acids can also act as biological catalysts.
Biomolecules

Q090   (A)   Amylose and amylopectin
Amylose is unbranched and helical while amylopectin is branched.
Biomolecules

Botany

Section C  ·  worked reasoning
Q091   (B)   Taxon
Insects, mammals and Solanum are all taxa at different ranks.
The Living World

Q092   (B)   Conjugation
Conjugation, transformation and transduction bring about genetic recombination in bacteria.
Biological Classification

Q093   (B)   Indestructible silica forming a soapbox-like structure
Their accumulated remains over billions of years form diatomaceous earth.
Biological Classification

Q094   (C)   W. M. Stanley
Stanley showed that viruses could be crystallised, and the crystals largely consist of proteins.
Biological Classification

Q095   (B)   r-Phycoerythrin
This pigment allows red algae to photosynthesise in deeper water.
Plant Kingdom

Q096   (B)   One cotyledon and parallel venation
Monocots also typically have a fibrous root system and trimerous flowers.
Plant Kingdom

Q097   (B)   Wheat
Monocots such as wheat show a fibrous root system.
Morphology of Flowering Plants

Q098   (B)   Pinnately compound
In a pinnately compound leaf the leaflets are borne on a common rachis.
Morphology of Flowering Plants

Q099   (B)   Zygomorphic
Pea and Cassia flowers are zygomorphic, or bilaterally symmetrical.
Morphology of Flowering Plants

Q100   (A)   Epidermal, ground and vascular
This classification is based on the position of tissues within the plant body.
Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Q101   (B)   Multicellular and often branched
Trichomes help prevent water loss, while unicellular root hairs absorb water.
Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Q102   (B)   Large, thick walled with no intercellular spaces
This Kranz anatomy is central to the concentration of CO₂ around RuBisCO.
Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Q103   (B)   Plasmodesmata
They permit the movement of substances directly from cell to cell.
Cell: The Unit of Life

Q104   (B)   Tonoplast
The vacuole may occupy up to 90% of the cell volume and stores ions against a gradient.
Cell: The Unit of Life

Q105   (B)   Peroxisome
Peroxisomes are single membrane bound microbodies found in plant and animal cells.
Cell: The Unit of Life

Q106   (B)   Micromolecules or metabolites
Proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides constitute the acid insoluble fraction.
Biomolecules

Q107   (B)   Prosthetic group
The haem group of peroxidase is a prosthetic group.
Biomolecules

Q108   (B)   The chromosome number in the daughter cells remains the same as in the parent
Each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.
Cell Cycle & Cell Division

Q109   (C)   Four haploid cells
A single round of replication is followed by two nuclear divisions.
Cell Cycle & Cell Division

Q110   (B)   Action spectrum
The absorption spectrum instead plots the light absorbed by a pigment.
Photosynthesis

Q111   (B)   Thylakoid membranes and stroma
ATP and NADPH made on the membranes are used for carbon fixation in the stroma.
Photosynthesis

Q112   (B)   Cladophora and aerobic bacteria
Aerobic bacteria accumulated where oxygen release was greatest, in the blue and red regions.
Photosynthesis

Q113   (C)   3 ATP
FADH₂ oxidation yields about 2 ATP because it enters the chain at a later point.
Respiration in Plants

Q114   (B)   Lactic acid
Lactate dehydrogenase reduces pyruvate, and the accumulation causes cramps.
Respiration in Plants

Q115   (B)   Short day plants
The site of light perception is the leaf, and a hormonal signal migrates to the shoot apex.
Plant Growth & Development

Q116   (B)   Stimulates stomatal closure and induces dormancy
It increases tolerance to various kinds of stress and antagonises gibberellin.
Plant Growth & Development

Q117   (B)   Two celled with a vegetative and a generative cell
In about 40% of species, the generative cell divides first, giving a three celled pollen grain.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Q118   (B)   Well exposed stamens and large feathery stigmas
They also produce enormous quantities of light, dry, non-sticky pollen.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Q119   (A)   Vallisneria and Zostera
Water pollination is quite rare and limited to about 30 genera, mostly monocots.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Q120   (B)   The embryo is protected and provided with reserve food for dispersal
Dormancy and a hard seed coat also allow survival in unfavourable conditions.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Q121   (B)   Has several contrasting traits, is self pollinating and has a short life cycle
These features gave him clear-cut, reproducible ratios in large numbers.
Principles of Inheritance

Q122   (B)   On different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome
Tightly linked genes tend to be inherited together and violate this law.
Principles of Inheritance

Q123   (B)   A quantitative defect in the synthesis of globin chains
Too few alpha or beta globin chains are made, though their structure is normal.
Principles of Inheritance

Q124   (B)   A frameshift mutation altering the reading frame
All codons downstream of the change are misread.
Principles of Inheritance

Q125   (B)   Heterogametic, ZW
The male bird is ZZ, the reverse of the situation in humans.
Principles of Inheritance

Q126   (B)   Sulphur and phosphorus
³⁵S labelled the protein coat while ³²P labelled the DNA that entered the bacterium.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Q127   (B)   Crick
In some retroviruses the flow is reversed, RNA to DNA, by reverse transcriptase.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Q128   (B)   Methionine
AUG has the dual function of acting as start codon and coding for methionine.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Q129   (B)   A repetitive non-coding sequence showing high polymorphism
Its repeat copy number varies greatly from individual to individual.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Q130   (B)   Eurythermal
Stenothermal organisms, by contrast, tolerate only a narrow range.
Organisms & Populations

Q131   (B)   Aestivation
Zooplankton in lakes instead enter diapause, a stage of suspended development.
Organisms & Populations

Q132   (B)   Grazing food chain
In terrestrial ecosystems a much larger fraction of energy flows through the detritus chain.
Ecosystem

Q133   (B)   Inverted
One producer supports a much larger number of primary consumers.
Ecosystem

Q134   (B)   Genetic diversity
The plants differ in the potency and concentration of the chemical reserpine.
Biodiversity & Conservation

Q135   (B)   Is estimated to produce a large share of the earth's oxygen through photosynthesis
It also harbours probably the greatest biodiversity on earth.
Biodiversity & Conservation

Zoology

Section D  ·  worked reasoning
Q136   (B)   Spongocoel
The water current through the canal system aids food gathering, respiration and waste removal.
Animal Kingdom

Q137   (C)   Ctenophora
Sea walnuts also show striking bioluminescence.
Animal Kingdom

Q138   (C)   Gills covered by an operculum and an air bladder
Chondrichthyes lack both an operculum and a swim bladder.
Animal Kingdom

Q139   (D)   Mammals
Mammals also possess external ears and mammary glands.
Animal Kingdom

Q140   (B)   Protect and support the neurons
Neuroglia make up more than half the volume of neural tissue.
Structural Organisation in Animals

Q141   (A)   Foregut and midgut
These six to eight blind tubules secrete digestive juice.
Structural Organisation in Animals

Q142   (B)   Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
It is the total volume a person can inspire after a normal expiration.
Breathing & Exchange of Gases

Q143   (B)   Difficulty in breathing due to inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles
Wheezing results from narrowing of the inflamed air passages.
Breathing & Exchange of Gases

Q144   (B)   Conduct impulses rapidly throughout the ventricular musculature
The bundle of His branches into the fine Purkinje fibres.
Body Fluids & Circulation

Q145   (B)   An Rh negative mother carries an Rh positive foetus
Maternal anti-Rh antibodies formed in a later pregnancy destroy foetal red cells.
Body Fluids & Circulation

Q146   (B)   Insufficient oxygen reaching the heart muscle
The acute chest pain often results from narrowed coronary arteries.
Body Fluids & Circulation

Q147   (B)   Selective secretion of H⁺ and K⁺ and reabsorption of bicarbonate
It helps maintain the pH and the sodium–potassium balance of blood.
Excretory Products

Q148   (B)   Lungs and skin
Lungs remove CO₂ while sweat and sebaceous glands eliminate salts and some urea.
Excretory Products

Q149   (B)   Acts as an ATPase and forms cross bridges with actin
The heavy meromyosin head projects outwards and binds the actin filament.
Locomotion & Movement

Q150   (A)   Ilium, ischium and pubis fused at the acetabulum
The head of the femur articulates with the cavity called the acetabulum.
Locomotion & Movement

Q151   (C)   True or vertebrosternal ribs
Pairs 8 to 10 join the sternum indirectly and are called false ribs.
Locomotion & Movement

Q152   (B)   Schwann cells
Gaps between successive myelin segments form the nodes of Ranvier.
Neural Control & Coordination

Q153   (B)   Midbrain
A canal called the cerebral aqueduct passes through the midbrain.
Neural Control & Coordination

Q154   (C)   Chemoreceptors
They detect chemicals and generate the sensations of taste and smell.
Neural Control & Coordination

Q155   (B)   Contains iodine and regulates the basal metabolic rate
It also supports erythropoiesis and influences water and electrolyte balance.
Chemical Coordination

Q156   (B)   Mucosa of the small intestine
CCK acts on the pancreas and gall bladder while secretin acts on the exocrine pancreas.
Chemical Coordination

Q157   (B)   Suppresses the immune response
It also stimulates gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis.
Chemical Coordination

Q158   (A)   Rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens
The vas deferens joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct.
Human Reproduction

Q159   (B)   Secondary oocyte
It is arrested in metaphase II until a sperm enters.
Human Reproduction

Q160   (B)   7 days after fertilisation
Finger-like chorionic villi then interdigitate with the uterine tissue to form the placenta.
Human Reproduction

Q161   (B)   Develops limbs and digits
Most major organ systems are formed by the end of twelve weeks.
Human Reproduction

Q162   (B)   72 hours of coitus
Administration of progestogens or IUD insertion within this period can avoid pregnancy.
Reproductive Health

Q163   (B)   Chromosomal abnormalities and metabolic disorders in the foetus
Foetal cells in the amniotic fluid are cultured and karyotyped.
Reproductive Health

Q164   (B)   Creating awareness and providing facilities for reproductive health
Improved detection and cure of STIs is one of its important components.
Reproductive Health

Q165   (B)   Branching descent and natural selection
Darwin explained evolution by variation and differential reproductive fitness.
Evolution

Q166   (B)   Saltation caused by mutation
He worked on evening primrose and considered Darwinian variations too minor.
Evolution

Q167   (B)   Sedimentary rocks
The relative age of a fossil can be estimated from the depth of the sedimentary layer.
Evolution

Q168   (B)   The vermiform appendix
Nictitating membrane, ear muscles and body hair are other examples.
Evolution

Q169   (B)   Speciation
Once interbreeding stops, the populations accumulate independent genetic changes.
Evolution

Q170   (B)   The nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs
Symptoms include nasal congestion, sore throat and cough lasting three to seven days.
Human Health & Disease

Q171   (A)   Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton
The infection thrives in moist skin folds such as between the toes.
Human Health & Disease

Q172   (B)   Bone marrow and thymus
Lymphocytes mature and become immunocompetent in the primary lymphoid organs.
Human Health & Disease

Q173   (B)   An autoimmune disease
The immune system attacks self cells because of a failure to distinguish self from non-self.
Human Health & Disease

Q174   (B)   Sarcoma
Carcinomas arise from epithelial tissue and leukaemias from blood-forming cells.
Human Health & Disease

Q175   (B)   Adrenaline and noradrenaline
These raise blood pressure and heart rate.
Human Health & Disease

Q176   (B)   DNA ligase
Ligase seals the phosphodiester backbone between the vector and the insert.
Biotechnology – Principles

Q177   (B)   An origin of replication, a selectable marker and suitable restriction sites
These features allow replication, selection of transformants and insertion of foreign DNA.
Biotechnology – Principles

Q178   (B)   Plant cells, by bombardment with DNA coated gold or tungsten particles
Micro-injection is preferred for animal cells and disarmed retroviruses for gene therapy.
Biotechnology – Principles

Q179   (B)   Test the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans
They are also used to study genetic disease and to test drug toxicity.
Biotechnology – Applications

Q180   (B)   Biopiracy
The patents granted on basmati rice and on neem drew attention to this issue.
Biotechnology – Applications