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NEET 2027  ·  Full Syllabus Practice  ·  Aamirah Fathima

Answer Key & Solutions — Set 4

Quick-reference grid first, then a one-line reason for every question with its topic tag. Score the paper, then re-work every wrong answer before moving on.

Questions
180
Max marks
720
Correct
+4
Wrong
−1
Set
4

Quick key

All 180 answers
001 D
002 B
003 A
004 C
005 B
006 B
007 C
008 B
009 B
010 C
011 B
012 B
013 B
014 C
015 B
016 B
017 B
018 C
019 B
020 A
021 B
022 B
023 B
024 B
025 B
026 B
027 C
028 B
029 B
030 B
031 B
032 A
033 B
034 B
035 B
036 B
037 B
038 B
039 B
040 A
041 B
042 B
043 B
044 B
045 B
046 B
047 C
048 B
049 A
050 A
051 B
052 B
053 A
054 B
055 B
056 B
057 B
058 C
059 B
060 A
061 C
062 C
063 B
064 B
065 A
066 B
067 B
068 C
069 B
070 B
071 B
072 C
073 B
074 B
075 B
076 B
077 B
078 B
079 B
080 B
081 A
082 A
083 B
084 A
085 A
086 B
087 B
088 B
089 C
090 B
091 B
092 C
093 B
094 B
095 B
096 C
097 B
098 A
099 B
100 C
101 B
102 B
103 C
104 B
105 B
106 B
107 B
108 C
109 C
110 B
111 B
112 B
113 B
114 C
115 B
116 B
117 B
118 B
119 B
120 B
121 B
122 B
123 A
124 B
125 B
126 C
127 B
128 C
129 C
130 B
131 B
132 B
133 B
134 B
135 B
136 B
137 B
138 B
139 C
140 A
141 B
142 D
143 D
144 B
145 B
146 B
147 A
148 A
149 B
150 B
151 B
152 B
153 B
154 B
155 B
156 B
157 B
158 A
159 D
160 C
161 B
162 B
163 B
164 B
165 B
166 B
167 B
168 B
169 B
170 B
171 A
172 B
173 B
174 B
175 B
176 C
177 B
178 B
179 B
180 B

Physics

Section A  ·  worked reasoning
Q001   (D)   Watt
The watt is a unit of power, that is energy per unit time.
Units & Dimensions

Q002   (B)   Systematic error
An instrumental zero error shifts every reading in the same direction, so it is systematic.
Errors & Significant Figures

Q003   (A)   πr and 2r
Half the circumference is πr, while the displacement is the diameter 2r.
Kinematics

Q004   (C)   Is independent of the horizontal speed
Vertical and horizontal motions are independent; time depends only on the height.
Kinematics

Q005   (B)   Equal to the applied force
Static friction is self-adjusting and just balances the applied force until the limit is reached.
Laws of Motion

Q006   (B)   √(gr)
At the top, gravity supplies the centripetal force: mg = mv²/r ⇒ v = √(gr).
Laws of Motion

Q007   (C)   22 J
W = F·d = 5×2 + 3×4 = 22 J.
Work, Energy & Power

Q008   (B)   Zero
Work by a conservative force depends only on the end points, which coincide for a closed path.
Work, Energy & Power

Q009   (B)   Zero
τ = rF sinθ vanishes because the perpendicular distance from the axis is zero.
Rotational Motion

Q010   (C)   (7/5)MR²
Parallel axis theorem: (2/5)MR² + MR² = (7/5)MR².
Rotational Motion

Q011   (B)   −Gm₁m₂/r
The negative sign shows the bound nature of the gravitational interaction.
Gravitation

Q012   (B)   The station and astronaut are both in free fall with the same acceleration
There is no normal reaction between the astronaut and the floor during free fall.
Gravitation

Q013   (B)   Smaller strain and hence a larger Young's modulus
Elasticity is measured by the resistance to deformation, that is by Y = stress/strain.
Elasticity

Q014   (C)   2000 N
Pascal's law gives F₂ = F₁ × (A₂/A₁) = 20 × 100 = 2000 N.
Fluids

Q015   (B)   Reynolds number
Flow is generally streamline below Re ≈ 1000 and turbulent above Re ≈ 2000.
Fluids

Q016   (B)   Decreases
λ_m T = constant, so a hotter body radiates most strongly at a shorter wavelength.
Thermal Properties

Q017   (B)   No heat engine can have 100% efficiency
Some heat must always be rejected to the sink; complete conversion of heat into work is impossible.
Thermodynamics

Q018   (C)   Zero
Internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on temperature, which stays constant.
Thermodynamics

Q019   (B)   Inversely proportional to the number density
λ = 1/(√2 nπd²), so denser gases have shorter mean free paths.
Kinetic Theory

Q020   (A)   C_p − C_v = R
Mayer's relation follows from the extra work done in expansion at constant pressure.
Kinetic Theory

Q021   (B)   Decreases exponentially with time
The dissipative force makes the amplitude fall off as e^(−bt/2m).
Oscillations

Q022   (B)   √6 times
T ∝ 1/√g, so a smaller g lengthens the period by a factor of √6.
Oscillations

Q023   (B)   Longitudinal and cannot be polarised
Air cannot sustain shear, so sound propagates as compressions and rarefactions.
Waves

Q024   (B)   Decreases
Relative separation increases, so fewer wavefronts reach the observer per second.
Waves

Q025   (B)   Charge exists only as an integral multiple of e
q = ne where n is an integer and e = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C.
Electrostatics

Q026   (B)   σ/2ε₀ and independent of distance
Gauss's law gives a uniform field on either side of the sheet.
Electrostatics

Q027   (C)   5 μF
Capacitances simply add in parallel.
Capacitors

Q028   (B)   Greater than the emf
V = E + Ir when current is driven into the cell.
Current Electricity

Q029   (B)   Increases
Increased lattice vibrations shorten the relaxation time of the electrons.
Current Electricity

Q030   (B)   μ₀I/4R
A semicircle contributes half the field of a full loop, μ₀I/2R.
Moving Charges & Magnetism

Q031   (B)   The net current enclosed by the loop
∮B·dl = μ₀I_enclosed.
Moving Charges & Magnetism

Q032   (A)   0°
The earth's field is horizontal at the magnetic equator and vertical at the poles.
Magnetism & Matter

Q033   (B)   ½LI²
U = ½LI², analogous to ½CV² for a capacitor.
Electromagnetic Induction

Q034   (B)   NABω
ε = NABω sin ωt, so the peak value is NABω.
Electromagnetic Induction

Q035   (B)   159 Hz
f = 1/(2π√LC) = 1/(2π × 10⁻³) ≈ 159 Hz.
Alternating Current

Q036   (B)   Reduces current without dissipating power
An ideal inductor is wattless, so no energy is wasted as heat.
Alternating Current

Q037   (B)   A time varying electric field
Maxwell added the term ε₀ dΦ_E/dt to make Ampere's law consistent.
Electromagnetic Waves

Q038   (B)   Total internal reflection
Light repeatedly undergoes total internal reflection at the core–cladding boundary.
Ray Optics

Q039   (B)   A concave lens
A diverging lens shifts the image from in front of the retina onto it.
Ray Optics

Q040   (A)   A source of secondary wavelets
The new wavefront is the forward envelope of these secondary wavelets.
Wave Optics

Q041   (B)   Half
β = λD/d, so β is inversely proportional to the slit separation.
Wave Optics

Q042   (B)   The number of photoelectrons emitted per second
Intensity determines the number of photons, not the energy of each photon.
Dual Nature of Matter

Q043   (B)   A small dense positively charged nucleus
A few alpha particles bouncing back showed that positive charge is concentrated in a tiny volume.
Atoms

Q044   (B)   Reverse bias
Reverse bias makes the fractional change in current with illumination easy to measure.
Semiconductors

Q045   (B)   Electrons and holes recombine near the junction under forward bias
Recombination releases energy as photons of energy nearly equal to the band gap.
Semiconductors

Chemistry

Section B  ·  worked reasoning
Q046   (B)   0.5
One mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at STP.
Some Basic Concepts

Q047   (C)   35%
Two N atoms give 28 out of a molar mass of 80 ⇒ 35%.
Some Basic Concepts

Q048   (B)   Isobars
For example ¹⁴C and ¹⁴N are isobars.
Structure of Atom

Q049   (A)   Δx · Δp ≥ h/4π
Position and momentum cannot both be determined with arbitrary precision.
Structure of Atom

Q050   (A)   Na > Mg > Al > Si
Atomic radius decreases across a period as effective nuclear charge increases.
Classification & Periodicity

Q051   (B)   Diagonal relationship
The first element of a group resembles the second element of the next group.
Classification & Periodicity

Q052   (B)   sp³d, trigonal bipyramidal
Five bond pairs around phosphorus give a trigonal bipyramidal shape with axial bonds longer.
Chemical Bonding

Q053   (A)   C≡C < C=C < C–C
More shared electron pairs pull the nuclei closer, so a triple bond is shortest.
Chemical Bonding

Q054   (B)   Resonance
The real structure is a resonance hybrid of three equivalent canonical forms.
Chemical Bonding

Q055   (B)   Intramolecular hydrogen bonding
Chelation within the molecule prevents association between molecules.
Chemical Bonding

Q056   (B)   Zero
ΔG = 0 defines the position of equilibrium at constant T and P.
Thermodynamics

Q057   (B)   The reaction is always between H⁺ and OH⁻ to form water
Both are completely ionised, so the only reaction is H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
Thermodynamics

Q058   (C)   Does not shift the equilibrium but helps it to be attained faster
A catalyst speeds up forward and backward reactions equally.
Equilibrium

Q059   (B)   2
[H⁺] = 10⁻² M ⇒ pH = 2.
Equilibrium

Q060   (A)   An acid because it accepts an electron pair
The electron-deficient boron atom acts as an electron pair acceptor.
Equilibrium

Q061   (C)   Zinc is the reducing agent
Zn loses electrons, so it is oxidised and acts as the reducing agent.
Redox Reactions

Q062   (C)   Free radicals
Each atom retains one electron of the shared pair.
Organic Chemistry – Basic Principles

Q063   (B)   Position isomers
They differ only in the position of the hydroxyl group on the same chain.
Organic Chemistry – Basic Principles

Q064   (B)   Crystallisation
The impure solid is dissolved hot and allowed to crystallise on cooling.
Organic Chemistry – Basic Principles

Q065   (A)   Ethane
Sabatier–Senderens reduction adds hydrogen across the double bond.
Hydrocarbons

Q066   (B)   Cold dilute alkaline KMnO₄
The purple colour is discharged as the alkene is converted into a vicinal diol.
Hydrocarbons

Q067   (B)   Benzoic acid
The side chain is oxidised completely to the carboxylic acid.
Hydrocarbons

Q068   (C)   Molality
Molality is based on the mass of solvent, which does not change with temperature.
Solutions

Q069   (B)   The molality of the solution
ΔT_f = K_f m, a colligative property.
Solutions

Q070   (B)   Maintain electrical neutrality and complete the circuit
It allows ion migration between the half cells without mixing the solutions.
Electrochemistry

Q071   (B)   Applying Kohlrausch's law of independent migration of ions
Λm° values of strong electrolytes are combined to obtain that of the weak electrolyte.
Electrochemistry

Q072   (C)   4
Overall order is two, so the rate becomes 2 × 2 = 4 times.
Chemical Kinetics

Q073   (B)   Roughly doubles the rate
The temperature coefficient of most reactions is about 2 to 3.
Chemical Kinetics

Q074   (B)   1.73 BM
μ = √(n(n + 2)) with n = 1 gives √3 = 1.73 BM.
d- and f-Block Elements

Q075   (B)   Strong metallic bonding involving d electrons
Unpaired d electrons contribute to interatomic bonding in the metallic lattice.
d- and f-Block Elements

Q076   (B)   Charge transfer from oxygen to manganese
Mn in MnO₄⁻ is d⁰, so the colour must come from a ligand to metal charge transfer.
d- and f-Block Elements

Q077   (B)   Coordination number
Primary valency is satisfied by negative ions and secondary valency by ligands.
Coordination Compounds

Q078   (B)   d²sp³, 3
Cr³⁺ is 3d³; the three electrons stay unpaired in t₂g and inner d orbitals are used.
Coordination Compounds

Q079   (B)   cis-[Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂]
Only the cis isomer of diamminedichloridoplatinum(II) is therapeutically active.
Coordination Compounds

Q080   (B)   A racemic mixture
The planar carbocation intermediate can be attacked from either face.
Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

Q081   (A)   NaI in dry acetone
Sodium chloride precipitates in acetone, driving the equilibrium towards the iodide.
Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

Q082   (A)   A primary alcohol
Formaldehyde is the only aldehyde that yields a primary alcohol with RMgX.
Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers

Q083   (B)   Salicylaldehyde
Treatment with CHCl₃ and aqueous NaOH introduces a –CHO group at the ortho position.
Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers

Q084   (A)   Ethanal and propanone
Aliphatic aldehydes give a red precipitate of Cu₂O; ketones do not react.
Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids

Q085   (A)   3-Hydroxybutanal
The β-hydroxy aldehyde formed can lose water on heating to give but-2-enal.
Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids

Q086   (B)   p-Nitrobenzoic acid > benzoic acid > p-methoxybenzoic acid
Electron withdrawing –NO₂ stabilises the carboxylate; electron releasing –OCH₃ destabilises it.
Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids

Q087   (B)   The lone pair on nitrogen is delocalised into the benzene ring
Resonance reduces the availability of the nitrogen lone pair for protonation.
Amines

Q088   (B)   An orange azo dye
Coupling occurs at the para position to give an orange coloured azo compound.
Amines

Q089   (C)   Uracil
RNA has ribose sugar and uracil in place of deoxyribose and thymine.
Biomolecules

Q090   (B)   Secondary and tertiary structure
Hydrogen bonds and other weak interactions break, but the covalent backbone survives.
Biomolecules

Botany

Section C  ·  worked reasoning
Q091   (B)   Herbarium
Each herbarium sheet carries a label giving date, place of collection and family.
The Living World

Q092   (C)   Vibrio
Bacteria are classified by shape as coccus, bacillus, vibrio and spirillum.
Biological Classification

Q093   (B)   Have a protein-rich pellicle and are mixotrophic
They photosynthesise in sunlight but feed heterotrophically in its absence.
Biological Classification

Q094   (B)   Coenocytic aseptate hyphae and zygospores
Phycomycetes have aseptate multinucleate hyphae and produce zygospores sexually.
Biological Classification

Q095   (B)   Gametophyte
The sporophyte is attached to and dependent on the photosynthetic gametophyte.
Plant Kingdom

Q096   (C)   Wind
Gymnosperms produce large amounts of light, dry pollen carried by air currents.
Plant Kingdom

Q097   (B)   Dicot leaves
Monocots typically show parallel venation, with Smilax as an exception.
Morphology of Flowering Plants

Q098   (A)   Trimerous with a superior ovary
The perianth of six tepals in two whorls and a tricarpellary superior ovary are typical.
Morphology of Flowering Plants

Q099   (B)   Non-endospermic
The food reserve is stored in the cotyledons, so the endosperm is consumed during development.
Morphology of Flowering Plants

Q100   (C)   Intrafascicular plus newly formed interfascicular cambium
Cells of the medullary rays become meristematic and join the existing cambial strips.
Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Q101   (B)   Gaseous exchange
These lens-shaped openings in the periderm permit exchange of gases with the atmosphere.
Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Q102   (B)   Living cells with cellulose and pectin thickening at the corners
It gives mechanical support with flexibility to young stems and petioles.
Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Q103   (C)   Rudolf Virchow
Virchow's addition completed the cell theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann.
Cell: The Unit of Life

Q104   (B)   Hydrolytic enzymes active at acidic pH
Their acid hydrolases can digest carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.
Cell: The Unit of Life

Q105   (B)   9 + 0 with a cartwheel structure
Nine peripheral triplets and no central tubule, with a proteinaceous hub.
Cell: The Unit of Life

Q106   (B)   Peptide bond
The sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds is the primary structure.
Biomolecules

Q107   (B)   Both hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail regions
This dual nature makes them form bilayers in an aqueous environment.
Biomolecules

Q108   (C)   G₀ or quiescent stage
Such cells may re-enter the cycle if suitably stimulated.
Cell Cycle & Cell Division

Q109   (C)   Diakinesis
Diakinesis marks the end of prophase I, with the nucleolus disappearing.
Cell Cycle & Cell Division

Q110   (B)   It is the reaction centre pigment that finally traps and converts light energy
Accessory pigments absorb light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll a.
Photosynthesis

Q111   (B)   Water to PS II to PS I to NADP⁺
This Z-scheme arrangement produces ATP, NADPH and oxygen.
Photosynthesis

Q112   (B)   Carboxylation, reduction, regeneration
CO₂ is fixed to RuBP, the resulting PGA is reduced, and RuBP is regenerated.
Photosynthesis

Q113   (B)   10% of full sunlight
Beyond this, light is no longer the limiting factor.
Photosynthesis

Q114   (C)   Oxygen
Oxygen combines with electrons and protons to form water.
Respiration in Plants

Q115   (B)   Involves both catabolism and anabolism
Intermediates are withdrawn for the synthesis of fatty acids and amino acids.
Respiration in Plants

Q116   (B)   Sigmoid
A lag phase is followed by log and stationary phases, giving an S-shaped curve.
Plant Growth & Development

Q117   (B)   Dedifferentiation
Interfascicular cambium and cork cambium arise by dedifferentiation.
Plant Growth & Development

Q118   (B)   Chalazal one
Three of the four megaspores degenerate and the chalazal one forms the embryo sac.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Q119   (B)   Parthenium
Carrot grass, introduced with imported wheat, causes pollen allergy and asthma.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Q120   (B)   Free nuclear endosperm
The surrounding white kernel is the cellular endosperm formed later.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Q121   (B)   Bisexual flowers
The anthers must be removed before dehiscence to prevent self-pollination.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Q122   (B)   Test cross
A test cross reveals the genotype of the dominant phenotype.
Principles of Inheritance

Q123   (A)   Pleiotropy
The mutant gene causes mental retardation and reduced hair and skin pigmentation.
Principles of Inheritance

Q124   (B)   Sutton and Boveri
They noted that the behaviour of chromosomes parallels the behaviour of Mendel's factors.
Principles of Inheritance

Q125   (B)   47, XXY
The affected male shows gynaecomastia and is sterile.
Principles of Inheritance

Q126   (C)   A = T and G = C
Purine and pyrimidine ratios are equal because of complementary base pairing.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Q127   (B)   200 base pairs
About 200 bp of DNA helix is wrapped around a histone octamer.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Q128   (C)   Splicing
hnRNA also undergoes capping with methyl guanosine triphosphate and poly-A tailing.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Q129   (C)   3164.7 million base pairs
The human genome contains roughly 3.2 billion base pairs.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Q130   (B)   Brood parasitism
The eggs resemble those of the host in size and colour, so they are not detected.
Organisms & Populations

Q131   (B)   Pug marks and faecal pellets
Indirect indicators are used where direct counting is impractical.
Organisms & Populations

Q132   (B)   170 billion tons
Of this, oceans contribute only about 55 billion tons despite their vast area.
Ecosystem

Q133   (B)   Sedimentary cycle
The reservoir is rock, unlike carbon and nitrogen whose reservoir is the atmosphere.
Ecosystem

Q134   (B)   Paul Ehrlich
Loss of key species, like rivets in the wings, can be dangerously destabilising.
Biodiversity & Conservation

Q135   (B)   1.7 to 1.8 million
Robert May places the global species diversity at about 7 million in total.
Biodiversity & Conservation

Zoology

Section D  ·  worked reasoning
Q136   (B)   Cnidaria
Sponges show only a cellular level; cnidarians have cells arranged into tissues.
Animal Kingdom

Q137   (B)   Radial symmetry
Their larvae are bilaterally symmetrical but adults become radially symmetrical.
Animal Kingdom

Q138   (B)   Dry cornified skin with epidermal scales
They lack skin glands, and lay shelled eggs on land.
Animal Kingdom

Q139   (C)   Birds
Hollow bones reduce weight and air sacs supplement respiration during flight.
Animal Kingdom

Q140   (A)   Blood
Blood is a fluid connective tissue with plasma as its matrix.
Structural Organisation in Animals

Q141   (B)   Three chambered
Two atria and one ventricle, along with a sinus venosus and conus arteriosus.
Structural Organisation in Animals

Q142   (D)   Residual volume
Residual volume is about 1100 to 1200 mL and cannot be expelled.
Breathing & Exchange of Gases

Q143   (D)   97%
Only about 3% of oxygen is carried dissolved in plasma.
Breathing & Exchange of Gases

Q144   (B)   0.8 s
At 72 beats per minute each cycle lasts roughly 0.8 second.
Body Fluids & Circulation

Q145   (B)   1.5 to 3.5 lakh per mm³
A count below this range can lead to clotting disorders.
Body Fluids & Circulation

Q146   (B)   Passes through the heart twice per complete circuit
Pulmonary and systemic circuits keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate.
Body Fluids & Circulation

Q147   (A)   Podocytes
Blood is filtered so finely through these slits that the process is called ultrafiltration.
Excretory Products

Q148   (A)   Uremia
Uremia is highly harmful and may be treated by haemodialysis.
Excretory Products

Q149   (B)   Non-striated and involuntary
They occur in the walls of hollow visceral organs and are not under conscious control.
Locomotion & Movement

Q150   (B)   Abundant myoglobin and mitochondria, relying on aerobic respiration
The high myoglobin content gives them their red colour and fatigue resistance.
Locomotion & Movement

Q151   (B)   A genetic disorder causing progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle
The progressive weakening of skeletal muscles has a genetic basis.
Locomotion & Movement

Q152   (B)   Influx of Na⁺
Sodium channels open and Na⁺ rushes in, reversing the membrane polarity.
Neural Control & Coordination

Q153   (B)   Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus contains centres controlling these urges and also secretes hormones.
Neural Control & Coordination

Q154   (B)   The optic nerve leaves the eye and photoreceptors are absent
The macula lutea with its fovea, by contrast, has the greatest density of cones.
Neural Control & Coordination

Q155   (B)   Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
Hypothalamic neurohormones reach the adenohypophysis through a portal circulation.
Chemical Coordination

Q156   (B)   Pineal gland
It also influences metabolism, pigmentation and the menstrual cycle.
Chemical Coordination

Q157   (B)   Stimulate glycogenolysis and raise blood glucose
Glucagon is a hyperglycemic hormone with effects opposite to those of insulin.
Chemical Coordination

Q158   (A)   Promote reabsorption of Na⁺ and water
The mineralocorticoid also promotes excretion of K⁺ and phosphate.
Chemical Coordination

Q159   (D)   Bartholin's gland
Bartholin's glands are located near the vaginal opening in females.
Human Reproduction

Q160   (C)   15 to 28
The luteal or secretory phase follows ovulation, when the corpus luteum is active.
Human Reproduction

Q161   (B)   Golgi apparatus
It contains hydrolytic enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the ovum.
Human Reproduction

Q162   (B)   Protect the foetus from mechanical shock
Nutrition and gas exchange are functions of the placenta.
Human Reproduction

Q163   (B)   Cutting and tying the vas deferens
It is a terminal method of contraception performed on the male.
Reproductive Health

Q164   (B)   A rapid decline in maternal and infant mortality rates
Better health facilities lowered MMR and IMR while birth rates stayed high.
Reproductive Health

Q165   (B)   Protect against sexually transmitted infections
They form a barrier to the exchange of body fluids.
Reproductive Health

Q166   (B)   Oparin and Haldane
They suggested that the first form of life came from pre-existing non-living organic molecules.
Evolution

Q167   (B)   Analogy
A modified root and a modified stem perform the same storage function.
Evolution

Q168   (B)   Evolution occurring in the present time by natural selection
Resistant variants survive and multiply when the antibiotic is applied.
Evolution

Q169   (B)   Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens
Brain capacity increased progressively along this line.
Evolution

Q170   (B)   Karl Ernst von Baer
Von Baer showed that embryos never pass through the adult stages of other animals.
Evolution

Q171   (A)   Entamoeba histolytica
Houseflies act as mechanical carriers, transmitting the parasite to food.
Human Health & Disease

Q172   (B)   Severe problems in respiration
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are common causative agents.
Human Health & Disease

Q173   (B)   Cell-mediated immunity involving T lymphocytes
The graft is recognised as foreign by the recipient's T cells.
Human Health & Disease

Q174   (B)   Alpha interferon
Biological response modifiers such as α-interferon help the immune system destroy tumours.
Human Health & Disease

Q175   (B)   Increase muscle strength and aggressiveness
Their use causes serious side effects including masculinisation and kidney damage.
Human Health & Disease

Q176   (C)   The strain of the bacterium
E from Escherichia, co from coli, R from the strain RY13 and I for the first enzyme isolated.
Biotechnology – Principles

Q177   (B)   A selectable marker
Antibiotic resistance genes commonly serve as selectable markers in E. coli.
Biotechnology – Principles

Q178   (B)   Downstream processing
It is followed by formulation with preservatives and clinical trials.
Biotechnology – Principles

Q179   (B)   Polymerase chain reaction
PCR amplifies even minute amounts of viral nucleic acid before symptoms appear.
Biotechnology – Applications

Q180   (B)   GEAC
The Genetic Engineering Approval Committee also assesses the safety of introducing GM organisms.
Biotechnology – Applications